Harvard Business School Working Knowledge

<form name="aspnetForm" method="post" action="" id="aspnetForm">
<input type="hidden" name="MSOWebPartPage_PostbackSource" id="MSOWebPartPage_PostbackSource" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="MSOTlPn_SelectedWpId" id="MSOTlPn_SelectedWpId" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="MSOTlPn_View" id="MSOTlPn_View" value="0" />
<input type="hidden" name="MSOTlPn_ShowSettings" id="MSOTlPn_ShowSettings" value="False" />
<input type="hidden" name="MSOGallery_SelectedLibrary" id="MSOGallery_SelectedLibrary" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="MSOGallery_FilterString" id="MSOGallery_FilterString" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="MSOTlPn_Button" id="MSOTlPn_Button" value="none" />
<input type="hidden" name="__REQUESTDIGEST" id="__REQUESTDIGEST" value="noDigest" />
<input type="hidden" name="MSOSPWebPartManager_DisplayModeName" id="MSOSPWebPartManager_DisplayModeName" value="Browse" />
<input type="hidden" name="MSOSPWebPartManager_ExitingDesignMode" id="MSOSPWebPartManager_ExitingDesignMode" value="false" />
<input type="hidden" name="MSOWebPartPage_Shared" id="MSOWebPartPage_Shared" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="MSOLayout_LayoutChanges" id="MSOLayout_LayoutChanges" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="MSOLayout_InDesignMode" id="MSOLayout_InDesignMode" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="MSOSPWebPartManager_OldDisplayModeName" id="MSOSPWebPartManager_OldDisplayModeName" value="Browse" />
<input type="hidden" name="MSOSPWebPartManager_StartWebPartEditingName" id="MSOSPWebPartManager_StartWebPartEditingName" value="false" />
<input type="hidden" name="MSOSPWebPartManager_EndWebPartEditing" id="MSOSPWebPartManager_EndWebPartEditing" value="false" />
<input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATE" id="__VIEWSTATE" value="/wEPDwUBMA9kFgJmD2QWAgIBD2QWBgIBD2QWBAICD2QWAmYPFgIeBFRleHQFKUhhcnZhcmQgQnVzaW5lc3MgU2Nob29sIFdvcmtpbmcgS25vd2xlZGdlZAIDDxYCHwAFjwg8bWV0YSBuYW1lPSJkZXNjcmlwdGlvbiIgY29udGVudD0iSEJTIFdvcmtpbmcgS25vd2xlZGdlOiBCdXNpbmVzcyBSZXNlYXJjaCBmb3IgQnVzaW5lc3MgTGVhZGVycyIgLz4NCjxtZXRhIG5hbWU9InR3aXR0ZXI6Y2FyZCIgY29udGVudD0ic3VtbWFyeV9sYXJnZV9pbWFnZSIgLz4NCjxtZXRhIG5hbWU9InR3aXR0ZXI6ZGVzY3JpcHRpb24iIGNvbnRlbnQ9IkhCUyBXb3JraW5nIEtub3dsZWRnZTogQnVzaW5lc3MgUmVzZWFyY2ggZm9yIEJ1c2luZXNzIExlYWRlcnMiIC8+DQo8bWV0YSBuYW1lPSJ0d2l0dGVyOnRpdGxlIiBjb250ZW50PSJIb21lIiAvPg0KPG1ldGEgbmFtZT0idHdpdHRlcjpzaXRlIiBjb250ZW50PSJASEJTV0siIC8+DQo8bWV0YSBuYW1lPSJ0d2l0dGVyOmltYWdlIiBjb250ZW50PSJodHRwczovL2hic3drLmhicy5lZHUvUHVibGlzaGluZ0ltYWdlcy9zb2NpYWwvaGJzd2tfMjYwLmpwZyIgLz4NCjxtZXRhIG5hbWU9InR3aXR0ZXI6Y3JlYXRvciIgY29udGVudD0iQEhCU1dLIiAvPg0KPG1ldGEgcHJvcGVydHk9Im9nOnVybCIgY29udGVudD0iaHR0cDovL2hic3drLmhicy5lZHUvIiAvPg0KPG1ldGEgcHJvcGVydHk9Im9nOnR5cGUiIGNvbnRlbnQ9IldlYnNpdGUiIC8+DQo8bWV0YSBwcm9wZXJ0eT0ib2c6dGl0bGUiIGNvbnRlbnQ9IkhvbWUiIC8+DQo8bWV0YSBwcm9wZXJ0eT0ib2c6ZGVzY3JpcHRpb24iIGNvbnRlbnQ9IkhCUyBXb3JraW5nIEtub3dsZWRnZTogQnVzaW5lc3MgUmVzZWFyY2ggZm9yIEJ1c2luZXNzIExlYWRlcnMiIC8+DQo8bWV0YSBwcm9wZXJ0eT0ib2c6c2l0ZV9uYW1lIiBjb250ZW50PSJIQlMgV29ya2luZyBLbm93bGVkZ2UiIC8+DQo8bWV0YSBwcm9wZXJ0eT0ib2c6aW1hZ2UiIGNvbnRlbnQ9Imh0dHBzOi8vaGJzd2suaGJzLmVkdS9QdWJsaXNoaW5nSW1hZ2VzL3NvY2lhbC9oYnN3a18yNjAuanBnIiAvPg0KPG1ldGEgcHJvcGVydHk9Im9nOmltYWdlOndpZHRoIiBjb250ZW50PSIyNjAiIC8+DQo8bWV0YSBwcm9wZXJ0eT0ib2c6aW1hZ2U6aGVpZ2h0IiBjb250ZW50PSIyNjAiIC8+ZAITDw8WAh4HVmlzaWJsZWhkZAIXD2QWAgIBD2QWAmYPZBYCAgMPZBYCAgUPDxYEHgZIZWlnaHQbAAAAAAAAeUABAAAAHgRfIVNCAoABZBYCAgEPPCsACQEADxYEHg1QYXRoU2VwYXJhdG9yBAgeDU5ldmVyRXhwYW5kZWRnZGRkSobMQG2ki+vtTTQjWDJborGzn6I=" />

<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
var MSOWebPartPageFormName = 'aspnetForm';
var g_presenceEnabled = true;var _fV4UI=true;var _spPageContextInfo = {webServerRelativeUrl: "\u002f", webLanguage: 1033, currentLanguage: 1033, webUIVersion:4,pageListId:"{229a3fa1-d23f-4194-af04-83f712f16168}",pageItemId:1, alertsEnabled:true, siteServerRelativeUrl: "\u002f", allowSilverlightPrompt:'True'};//]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/_layouts/1033/init.js?rev=mdjxRHK1V7KZ%2BuOTcNNcmQ%3D%3D"></script>
<script src="/WebResource.axd?d=KzYTxvKcuTEp7j51joTea5GVr92AuJ4SL5aQ9QUnLuUrG7rTi8YCbgNYedMwdv6fDwv5Ou7X64HliGCav7hiwmuBylh2hjGhv6JU0lkokc63lAPUBD0MIaMGwGty9ueA82idlgs7ktVQj8-X5TCDW8nNPkA1&t=636767462854137053" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
var dlc_fvsi = {"DefaultViews":[],"ViewUrls":[],"WebUrl":"\/"};//]]>
</script>

<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
function _spNavigateHierarchy(nodeDiv, dataSourceId, dataPath, url, listInContext, type) {
    CoreInvoke('ProcessDefaultNavigateHierarchy', nodeDiv, dataSourceId, dataPath, url, listInContext, type, document.forms.aspnetForm, "", "\u002f");

}
//]]>
</script>
<input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" id="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" value="7BAFC84E" />
<script type="text/javascript">RegisterSod("sp.core.js", "\u002f_layouts\u002fsp.core.js?rev=7ByNlH\u00252BvcgRJg\u00252BRCctdC0w\u00253D\u00253D");</script><script type="text/javascript">RegisterSod("sp.res.resx", "\u002f_layouts\u002fScriptResx.ashx?culture=en\u00252Dus\u0026name=SP\u00252ERes\u0026rev=b6\u00252FcRx1a6orhAQ\u00252FcF\u00252B0ytQ\u00253D\u00253D");</script><script type="text/javascript">RegisterSod("sp.ui.dialog.js", "\u002f_layouts\u002fsp.ui.dialog.js?rev=Tpcmo1\u00252FSu6R0yewHowDl5g\u00253D\u00253D");RegisterSodDep("sp.ui.dialog.js", "sp.core.js");RegisterSodDep("sp.ui.dialog.js", "sp.res.resx");</script><script type="text/javascript">RegisterSod("core.js", "\u002f_layouts\u002f1033\u002fcore.js?rev=Emb5hNX1RZMNXk9oS82yvA\u00253D\u00253D");</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
var _spFormDigestRefreshInterval = 1440000;window.g_updateFormDigestPageLoaded = new Date(); window.g_updateFormDigestPageLoaded.setDate(window.g_updateFormDigestPageLoaded.getDate() -5);function loadMDN2() { EnsureScript('MDN.js', typeof(loadFilterFn), null); }
function loadMDN1() { ExecuteOrDelayUntilScriptLoaded(loadMDN2, 'sp.ribbon.js'); }
_spBodyOnLoadFunctionNames.push('loadMDN1');//]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">RegisterSod("sp.runtime.js", "\u002f_layouts\u002fsp.runtime.js?rev=IGffcZfunndj0247nOxKVg\u00253D\u00253D");RegisterSodDep("sp.runtime.js", "sp.core.js");RegisterSodDep("sp.runtime.js", "sp.res.resx");</script><script type="text/javascript">RegisterSod("sp.js", "\u002f_layouts\u002fsp.js?rev=\u00252B4ZEyA892P3T0504qi0paw\u00253D\u00253D");RegisterSodDep("sp.js", "sp.core.js");RegisterSodDep("sp.js", "sp.runtime.js");RegisterSodDep("sp.js", "sp.ui.dialog.js");RegisterSodDep("sp.js", "sp.res.resx");</script><script type="text/javascript">RegisterSod("cui.js", "\u002f_layouts\u002fcui.js?rev=OOyJv78CADNBeet\u00252FvTvniQ\u00253D\u00253D");</script><script type="text/javascript">RegisterSod("inplview", "\u002f_layouts\u002finplview.js?rev=WB6Gy8a027aeNCq7koVCUg\u00253D\u00253D");RegisterSodDep("inplview", "core.js");RegisterSodDep("inplview", "sp.js");</script><script type="text/javascript">RegisterSod("ribbon", "\u002f_layouts\u002fsp.ribbon.js?rev=F\u00252BUEJ66rbXzSvpf7nN69wQ\u00253D\u00253D");RegisterSodDep("ribbon", "core.js");RegisterSodDep("ribbon", "sp.core.js");RegisterSodDep("ribbon", "sp.js");RegisterSodDep("ribbon", "cui.js");RegisterSodDep("ribbon", "sp.res.resx");RegisterSodDep("ribbon", "sp.runtime.js");RegisterSodDep("ribbon", "inplview");</script><script type="text/javascript">RegisterSod("sp.ui.policy.resources.resx", "\u002f_layouts\u002fScriptResx.ashx?culture=en\u00252Dus\u0026name=SP\u00252EUI\u00252EPolicy\u00252EResources\u0026rev=YhBHGmUAGyJ3lAgSdE4V\u00252Fw\u00253D\u00253D");</script><script type="text/javascript">RegisterSod("mdn.js", "\u002f_layouts\u002fmdn.js?rev=gwmFFJ2\u00252FfFacqXWAqG\u00252FqKg\u00253D\u00253D");RegisterSodDep("mdn.js", "sp.core.js");RegisterSodDep("mdn.js", "sp.runtime.js");RegisterSodDep("mdn.js", "sp.js");RegisterSodDep("mdn.js", "cui.js");RegisterSodDep("mdn.js", "ribbon");RegisterSodDep("mdn.js", "sp.ui.policy.resources.resx");</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[

function _spNavigateHierarchyEx(nodeDiv, dataSourceId, dataPath, url, listInContext, type, additionalQString) {
    SetAdditionalNavigateHierarchyQString(additionalQString);
    g_originalSPNavigateFunc(nodeDiv, dataSourceId, dataPath, url, listInContext, type);
}

g_originalSPNavigateFunc = _spNavigateHierarchy;
_spNavigateHierarchy = _spNavigateHierarchyEx;
var _fV4UI = true;//]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">RegisterSod("msstring.js", "\u002f_layouts\u002f1033\u002fmsstring.js?rev=QtiIcPH3HV7LgVSO7vONFg\u00253D\u00253D");</script><script type="text/javascript">RegisterSod("browserScript", "\u002f_layouts\u002f1033\u002fnon_ie.js?rev=EVTj1bu32\u00252FMla6SDN\u00252FsNTA\u00253D\u00253D");</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
var __wpmExportWarning='This Web Part Page has been personalized. As a result, one or more Web Part properties may contain confidential information. Make sure the properties contain information that is safe for others to read. After exporting this Web Part, view properties in the Web Part description file (.WebPart) by using a text editor such as Microsoft Notepad.';var __wpmCloseProviderWarning='You are about to close this Web Part.  It is currently providing data to other Web Parts, and these connections will be deleted if this Web Part is closed.  To close this Web Part, click OK.  To keep this Web Part, click Cancel.';var __wpmDeleteWarning='You are about to permanently delete this Web Part.  Are you sure you want to do this?  To delete this Web Part, click OK.  To keep this Web Part, click Cancel.';//]]>
</script>
</form>

Skip to Main Content

What Is an "Essential" Purchase for a Low-Income Family?What Is an "Essential" Purchase for a Low-Income Family?  

Phone or flour? People with lower incomes are judged more harshly for what they choose to buy, say Serena F. Hagerty and Kate Barasz.

18 Jun 2020 | Research & Ideas

Your Customers Have Changed. Here's How to Engage Them Again.

by Rohit Deshpandé, Ofer Mintz, and Imran S. Currim

16 Jun 2020
|
Coronavirus

Are Digital Organizations Better at Overcoming COVID?

by Danielle Kost

11 Jun 2020
|
Coronavirus

Will Challenged Amazon Tweak Its Retail Model Post-Pandemic?

by James Heskett

01 Jun 2020
|
What Do You Think?

Popular

How the Coronavirus Is Already Rewriting the Future of Business

by Dina Gerdeman

16 MAR 2020
|
Coronavirus

We asked Harvard Business School experts how the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to change business practice.

Minorities Who 'Whiten' Job Resumes Get More Interviews

by Dina Gerdeman

17 MAY 2017
|
Research & Ideas

African American and Asian job applicants who mask their race on resumes seem to have better success getting job interviews, according to research by Katherine DeCelles and colleagues.

What Leaders Can Do to Fight the COVID Fog

by Boris Groysberg and Robin Abrahams

14 MAY 2020
|
Coronavirus

600 CEOs tell Boris Groysberg what coronavirus worries keep them up at night. Now comes the hard part: preparing body and mind to meet the challenges.

Novel Risks

by Robert S. Kaplan, Dutch Leonard, and Anette Mikes

27 MAR 2020
|
Working Paper Summaries

Companies can manage known risks by reducing their likelihood and impact. But such routine risk management often prevents them from recognizing and responding rapidly to novel risks, those not envisioned or seen before. Setting up teams, processes, and capabilities in advance for dealing with unexpected circumstances can protect against their severe consequences.

New Working Papers

Scholarly papers that describe original research in a narrow field of study.

The Rise of the Investor State: State Capital in the Chinese Economy

by Hao Chen and Meg Rithmire

18 JUN 2020

Government Incentives for Entrepreneurship

by Josh Lerner

16 JUN 2020

The Seeds of Ideology: Historical Immigration and Political Preferences in the United States

by Paola Giuliano and Marco Tabellini

15 JUN 2020

Corporate Resilience and Response During COVID-19

by Alex Cheema-Fox, Bridget LaPerla, George Serafeim, and Hui (Stacie) Wang

12 JUN 2020

Books

Articles about recent books written by Harvard Business School faculty.

Fighting Climate Change Requires a New Capitalism

by Danielle Kost

30 APR 2020

Why COVID-19 Raises the Stakes for Healthy Buildings

by Kristen Senz

20 APR 2020

A Great Teacher's Lessons for Leading

by Martha Lagace

06 MAR 2020

It’s Not About You: Why Leaders Need to Look Outward

by Kristen Senz

04 JUN 2020

The tendency to shame people who have fewer resources for their purchase decisions has far-reaching behavioral impl… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…

Jun 18 2020, 11:55 PM

Working Knowledge

Follow Us

“You might be able to recruit and train people, including those who've been recently unemployed, to create a cohort… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…

Jun 18 2020, 09:12 PM

Working Knowledge

The tendency to shame people who have fewer resources for their purchase decisions has far-reaching behavioral impl… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…

Jun 18 2020, 11:55 PM

Working Knowledge

Follow Us

The tendency to shame people who have fewer resources for their purchase decisions has far-reaching behavioral impl… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…

Jun 18 2020, 11:55 PM

Working Knowledge

Follow Us

“You might be able to recruit and train people, including those who've been recently unemployed, to create a cohort… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…

Jun 18 2020, 09:12 PM

Working Knowledge

Sign up for our weekly newsletter

Interested in improving your business? Learn about fresh research and ideas from Harvard Business School faculty.