- 27 Jun 2018
- Working Paper Summaries
Negotiating a Better Future: How Interpersonal Skills Facilitate Inter-Generational Investment
For many girls in developing countries, early adolescence is a time of key challenges: school dropout rates rise, and social and economic pressures increase for marriage and motherhood. This randomized control trial involving Zambian adolescent girls finds that negotiation skills can help them navigate these challenges. Girls taught negotiation skills had significantly better educational outcomes over the next three years.
- 23 Jan 2018
- First Look
First Look at New Research and Ideas, January 23, 2018
Why is productivity declining? ... Angel investmernts around the world ... How do the children of employed moms turn out?
- 06 Sep 2017
- Working Paper Summaries
Class Matters: The Role of Social Class in High-Achieving Women's Career Narratives
This analysis of interviews with 40 female executives and entrepreneurs highlights five distinct types of career narratives that high-achieving women employ to explain their own career success. These narratives vary with the women’s family-of-origin social class. Among its contributions to practice, the study sheds light on the diversity of approaches possible in a successful career.
- 29 Aug 2017
- First Look
First Look at New Research and Ideas, August 29
How social class shapes high-performing women ... The problem with knowledge repositories ... Starting a high-frequency-trading hedge fund.
- 18 Nov 2016
- Sharpening Your Skills
Sharpening Your Skills: Making a Fast Start on a New Job
Everyone has to begin a new job—even presidents! We look to the archives for what Harvard Business School experts have recommended for making a splashy start. Open for comment; 0 Comments.
- 10 Feb 2016
- Sharpening Your Skills
Sharpening Your Skills: New Insights into Career Development
When is a job promotion a bad thing? Does networking leave an oily substance on your clothing? From our archives we look at career change in the twenty-first century, where researchers are offering fresh insights into our dynamic workplaces.
- 16 Dec 2015
- Research & Ideas
What Happens When Zambian Schoolgirls Receive Negotiation Training
Research by Kathleen McGinn and colleagues shows how teaching negotiation skills to young Zambian women can greatly improve their health and educational outcomes. Open for comment; 0 Comments.
- 02 Jul 2015
- Working Paper Summaries
Mums the Word! Cross-national Effects of Maternal Employment on Gender Inequalities at Work and at Home
This study contributes to a growing body of research that explores the effects of maternal employment on their children's well-being. Female respondents raised by a mother who worked outside the home are more likely to be employed, more likely to hold supervisory responsibility if employed, work more hours, and earn higher hourly wages than women whose mothers were home full time. Sons raised by an employed mother spend more time caring for family members than men whose mothers stayed home full time, and daughters raised by an employed mother spend less time on housework than women whose mothers stayed home full time. Results overall show the power of non-traditional gender role models, especially employed mothers, as critical factors for reducing gender inequality in labor markets and households across the globe. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 15 May 2015
- Research & Ideas
Kids Benefit From Having a Working Mom
Women whose moms worked outside the home are more likely to have jobs themselves, are more likely to hold supervisory responsibility at those jobs, and earn higher wages than women whose mothers stayed home full time, according to research by Kathleen McGinn and colleagues. Open for comment; 0 Comments.
- 08 May 2013
- Research & Ideas
A Company’s Evolving View of Gender Equity
Looking at the evolution of gender in US society over nearly 20 years, a new study by Lakshmi Ramarajan, Kathleen L. McGinn, and Deborah Kolb traces how one prominent professional-service firm internalized the shifting concerns. Open for comment; 0 Comments.
- 17 Dec 2012
- Working Paper Summaries
An Outside-Inside Evolution in Gender and Professional Work
How do organizations adapt to social transformation? In the US, one of the most visible changes in employment since the 1980s—the growing representation of highly educated women—has challenged widely held understandings about gender and professional work. Although much is known about social institutions and social issues at the institutional and organizational levels, researchers still know very little about how individual organizations experience and internalize gradual shifts in deeply held social understandings. To bridge the gap, this study analyzes nearly 20 years of data to explore the adaptation of one professional service firm to an increase in women in the professional workforce and the shifting discourse around gender and work. Findings show that the firm internalized shifts in the social institution of gender through iterated cycles of analysis and action, integrating external pressures from the changing social institution of gender into its beliefs, structure, policies, programs, and practices. Overall, the study reveals how the interplay between activities and beliefs directs the pace and course of organizational change over time. Key concepts include: This paper examines how a social institution like gender plays out across multiple levels of analysis-organization and environment-over time. The authors' model sheds light on the ways in which internal and external forces are paired to propel the internalization of social discourse over time. At the firm level, analysis and action are separate but linked activity phases with transitions between them triggered by changes in beliefs and a growing awareness of discrepancies between beliefs and outcomes. Outside scrutiny and recognition drive accountability, while real changes in the firms' activities and outcomes drive internal buy-in. Sustainable change at the organizational level may require periodic monitoring of the fit between outcomes and assumptions, and intermittent periods of analysis relatively free of new activities. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 12 Jul 2012
- Working Paper Summaries
Negotiation Processes As Sources of (And Solutions To) Interorganizational Conflict
Negotiations are often conceptualized as a means of managing or resolving conflict. Yet just as the process of negotiation may be a solution to conflict in some cases, it may be a source of conflict in others. This paper examines how contextual features within organizations affect negotiation processes and outcomes, and how these processes in turn become a source of or solution to interorganizational conflict. The authors argue that principals, agents, and teams face different sets of constraints and opportunities in negotiations. It is thus important to understand the link between unfolding interactions (the subject of considerable negotiation process research) and more macro features of organizations, such as formalization of roles, culture, or party representation. Key concepts include: Relational aspects of negotiation processes and outcomes are very important. Inter-organizational negotiations present choices regarding who will negotiate on behalf of the organization. Despite the critical resources at stake, little is known about the relative pros and cons of negotiating alone for one's own interests, sending an agent, or relying on a team. Constraints and opportunities center on three domains: (a) the knowledge and skills that parties bring to bear on the negotiation; (b) the potential development of cross-party identification, trust, or relational conflict; and (c) coordination and communication. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 10 Jul 2012
- Working Paper Summaries
Communicating Frames in Negotiations
Economists examining bargaining behavior and outcomes often disregard the complex role of communication, restrict interaction to offers and counteroffers, or study the mere presence of communication while ignoring or constraining its content. This paper asks: How and why does talk sometimes make bargaining more cooperative and other times make bargaining more competitive? The answer may depend on examining what is being communicated about the underlying purpose of the interaction. Kathleen L. McGinn and Markus Noth argue that the content of communication frames the bargaining situation and thus can help predict bargaining behavior and final agreements. Key concepts include: Notions about the nature of the interaction form the basis for bargaining behavior and the final terms of agreement or disagreement. Communication sets certain behavior in motion by signaling the fundamental nature of the interaction, i.e., the right thing to do. Communication shapes the shared understanding of the negotiation and this, in turn, shapes the admissible arguments and strategies. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 06 Jul 2012
- Working Paper Summaries
Looking Up and Looking Out: Career Mobility Effects of Demographic Similarity among Professionals
While women and racial minorities have increasingly crossed the threshold into professional service organizations, the path to the top remains elusive. Why do inequalities persist? McGinn and Milkman study processes of cohesion, competition, and comparison by looking at career mobility in a single up-or-out professional service organization. Findings show that higher proportions of same-sex and same-race superiors enhanced the career mobility of junior professionals. On the flip side, however, higher proportions of same-sex or same-race peers increased the likelihood of women's and men's exit and generally decreased their chances of promotion. This research highlights how important it is to look at both cooperative and competitive effects of demographic similarity when trying to address the problem of persistent underrepresentation of women and minorities at the highest levels in organizations. Key concepts include: Social comparisons lead to measurable effects on individuals' careers, in turn shaping the demographic composition at the top of professional service organizations. Organizations should attend to the ways in which policies and practices invoke competition and comparison within demographic categories. Clustering same-race or same-sex junior employees to provide an increased sense of community may have the opposite effect of that desired, unless accompanied by senior professionals' active sponsorship of juniors across demographic lines. Attempts to design employment practices that are blind to the demographics of candidates are likely to succeed only if all candidates perceive and receive equal mentoring, sponsorship, and peer support regardless of their race and gender. Among peers, the potentially positive role for social cohesion could be compromised by minimal interaction in day-to-day work, while limited opportunities for choice assignments and promotion lend a distinctly competitive edge to the work environment. Junior professionals perceive that they are easily replaced by peers. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 21 Sep 2011
- Research & Ideas
Gender and Competition: What Companies Need to Know
Do women shy away from competition and thus hurt their careers? New research by Harvard's Kathleen L. McGinn, Iris Bohnet, and Pinar Fletcher suggests the answer is not black and white, and that employers need to understand the "genderness" of their work. Open for comment; 0 Comments.
- 29 Oct 2010
- Research & Ideas
Will I Stay or Will I Go? How Gender and Race Affect Turnover at ‘Up-or-Out’ Organizations
Gender and racial inequalities continue to persist at "up-or-out" knowledge organizations, making it difficult for women and minorities to advance to senior levels, Kathleen McGinn says. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 05 Mar 2010
- Working Paper Summaries
Will I Stay or Will I Go? Cooperative and Competitive Effects of Workgroup Sex and Race Composition on Turnover
Inequalities in the senior ranks by sex and race remain rampant in up-or-out knowledge organizations such as consulting firms, law firms, and universities. HBS professor Kathleen L. McGinn and Wharton School professor Katherine L. Milkman focus on patterns of voluntary and involuntary turnover over six years in one such organization to untangle the multiple ways in which social identity influences career mobility. Predicting that higher proportions of demographically similar supervisors will reduce the likelihood of subordinate turnover, while higher proportions of demographically similar peers will increase the likelihood of turnover, the researchers find evidence of the hypothesized effects. They suggest that integrating research about social cohesion and social comparison enhances understanding of racial and gender inequality within organizations and facilitates organizations' ability to reduce that inequality. Key concepts include: Senior sponsorship is vital for junior professionals in up-or-out organizations. To address the problem of persistent underrepresentation of women and minorities at the highest levels, knowledge organizations need to attend to the ways in which policies and practices invoke competition, rather than social cohesion, among demographically similar peers. Clustering same race or same sex junior employees to provide an increased sense of community may have the opposite effects of those desired unless accompanied by similar or greater increases in the diversity of senior professionals. Studies of organizational sex composition and career mobility need to consider effects at multiple levels. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 03 Dec 2009
- Working Paper Summaries
Walking the Talk in Multiparty Bargaining: An Experimental Investigation
Talk can unite, but it can also divide. In multiparty bargaining, communication can focus parties on a fair distribution of resources, but it can also focus parties on a competitive distribution of resources. As HBS professor Kathleen L. McGinn and coauthors Katherine L. Milkman and Markus Nöth show through experiments, at the onset of interaction the dominant logic in discussions—be it fairness or competition—strongly influences the equality of payoffs even in complex, full-information multiparty bargaining. Increases in the relative frequency of talk about fairness are associated with payoffs closer to an equal split. Talk about competitive reasoning has the opposite effect, driving payoffs away from an equal division, though these effects are less consistent than fairness talk effects. The researchers' results add critical insights to our understanding of the role of communication in multiparty bargaining. Key concepts include: In multiparty bargaining, as in two-party bargaining, communication may work in part through social awareness and in part by allowing players to threaten to walk away. Communicating the willingness to walk away, in conjunction with loss aversion by stronger players, may help weaker players convince stronger players to move toward a more equal split of the available surplus, but it also permits strong players to threaten weak players. In a competitive, multiparty game, communication may play a more nuanced role than observed in simpler bargaining contexts. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 16 Apr 2009
- Working Paper Summaries
Phenomenological Assumptions and Knowledge Dissemination within Organizational Studies
Field-wide integration of knowledge generated by subfield specialists is critical for new discoveries and for a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of complex phenomena. In spite of the value of broadly disseminating knowledge within the social and physical sciences, scholarly discourse tends to be contained within subfields of research. Further constraining innovation and understanding, knowledge dissemination between academics and practitioners or clinicians is often limited and inaccurate. In this article, UCLA professor Corinne Bendersky and HBS professor Kathleen L. McGinn introduce "phenomenological assumptions"—revealed beliefs about the fundamental qualities of the phenomenon under investigation and its relationship to the environment in which it occurs—as barriers limiting the integration of knowledge generated within a subfield into the broader intellectual discourse of its field. Key concepts include: Explicating assumptions underlying academic research may make new information more transparent and easily adopted. Assumptions can pose a barrier limiting the integration of knowledge generated within a subfield into the broader intellectual discourse of its field. Specifically, assumptions that negotiations are one-shot "at the table" interactions make it more difficult for non-negotiations organizational scholars to recognize and appreciate the relevance of the findings to broader organizational research. The negotiation studies in this data set, spanning 15 years of published research in top-tier journals, seldom were explicit about the assumptions made and seldom acknowledged reasonable boundary conditions for their findings. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
Kids of Working Moms Grow into Happy Adults
In earlier research, Kathleen McGinn and colleagues discovered that adult kids of working moms are high achievers at work. Now it turns out they are happy, too. Open for comment; 0 Comments.