Social Enterprise →
- 29 Jul 2011
- Working Paper Summaries
Who Is Governing Whom? Senior Managers, Governance and the Structure of Generosity in Large U.S. Firms
Analyzing several Fortune 500 firms over the period of 10 years, Christopher Marquis and Matthew Lee discuss the factors that influence corporate philanthropy, using the subject to theorize about and test how structural features of organizations help senior leaders to shape firm strategy. Key concepts include: Many practitioners today view corporate philanthropy as a strategic activity that addresses both social and economic goals. Corporate philanthropy is highest in corporations with new CEOs, and decreases with the length of CEO tenure. The greater the proportion of female senior managers in a company, the greater the corporate philanthropic contributions will be. Companies with larger boards tend to have higher philanthropic contributions. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 22 Jul 2011
- Working Paper Summaries
Corporate Social Responsibility and Access to Finance
Corporate social responsibility may benefit society, but does it benefit the corporation? Indeed it does, according to a new study that shows how CSR can make it easier for firms to secure financing for new projects. Research was conducted by George Serafeim and Beiting Cheng of Harvard Business School and Ioannis Ioannou of the London Business School. Key concepts include: The better a firm's CSR performance, the fewer capital restraints it will face. Better CSR performance is the result of improved stakeholder engagement, which in turn reduces the likelihood of opportunistic behavior and pushes managers to adopt a long-form strategy. This introduces a more efficient form of contracting with key constituents. Firms with good CSR performance are likely to report their CSR activities, thus increasing their overall transparency. Higher levels of transparency ease the fears of potential investors, making them more likely to invest. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 13 Jun 2011
- HBS Case
Mobile Banking for the Unbanked
A billion people in developing countries have no need for a savings account–but they do need a financial service that banks compete to provide. The new HBS case Mobile Banking for the Unbanked, written by professor Kash Rangan, is a lesson in understanding the real need of customers.
- 23 May 2011
- Op-Ed
Leading and Lagging Countries in Contributing to a Sustainable Society
To determine the extent to which corporate and investor behavior is changing to contribute to a more sustainable society, researchers Robert Eccles and George Serafeim analyzed data involving over 2,000 companies in 23 countries. One result: a ranking of countries based on the degree to which their companies integrate environmental and social discussions and metrics in their financial disclosures. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 23 May 2011
- Research & Ideas
Corporate Sustainability Reporting: It’s Effective
In a growing trend, countries have begun requiring companies to report their environmental, social, and governance performance. George Serafeim of HBS and Ioannis Ioannou of London Business School set out to find whether this reporting actually induces companies to improve their nonfinancial performance and contribute toward a sustainable society. Key concepts include: In the past 10 years, corporate investors have shown an increasing interest in the social responsibility of the companies whose stocks they pick. The researchers compared 16 countries that required sustainability reporting with a sample of 42 countries that didn't. Using several measures, they found that the social responsibility of business leaders and managerial credibility increased in those countries with reporting mandates. The data provide the first concrete evidence that mandating social responsibility reporting actually makes a positive difference. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 12 May 2011
- Research & Ideas
The Difficult Transition from For-Profit to Nonprofit Boards
In the new book Joining a Nonprofit Board: What You Need to Know, authors F. Warren McFarlan and Marc J. Epstein observe that service on a nonprofit board can be a frustrating experience for executives grounded in a for-profit world. Read our excerpt. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 21 Apr 2011
- Research & Ideas
Searching for Better Practices in Social Investing
Social change requires innovation, not just in organizational practices but in funding practices, as well. This was a key message at "Social Investing: Emerging Trends in a Changing Landscape," a recent panel discussion at Harvard Business School in which several professional philanthropists explored how best to support social change. Open for comment; 0 Comments.
- 16 Nov 2010
- Lessons from the Classroom
Data.gov: Matching Government Data with Rapid Innovation
Data.gov is a young initiative of President Barack Obama for making raw data available on the Web. In an HBS executive education class for technology specialists, professor Karim Lakhani and the US Chief Information Officer, Vivek Kundra, sparked dialogue about new routes to innovation. Key concepts include: Data.gov makes government data--as long as it does not compromise national security or individual privacy--available on the Web in raw, machine-readable format. Data.gov is part of the Open Government initiative launched by President Barack Obama on his first day in office. As a lean organization with a mandate to move fast, Data.gov posted the first datasets five months later. Its goals are transparency, participation, collaboration, and management of systems and processes. The HBS case study of Data.gov, coauthored by professor Karim R. Lakhani, highlights a number of useful applications sparked by the Web site. One in particular creates benefits for taxpayers by sharing information between the Internal Revenue Service and the Department of Education. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 12 Nov 2010
- Research & Ideas
One Report: Integrated Reporting for a Sustainable Strategy
What a company externally reports shapes how it behaves internally. The key question is, "What should companies report?" Key concepts include: Integrated reporting takes corporate reporting to the next level. The state of integrated reporting is embryonic, more an aspiration than a codified management practice. Expanding adoption will change how society thinks about the role of companies. An action plan for integrated reporting to drive its adoption has been developed. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 20 Oct 2010
- Research & Ideas
HBS Workshop Encourages Corporate Reporting on Environmental and Social Sustainability
The concept of integrated reporting could help mend the lack of trust between business and the public, Harvard Business School Dean Nitin Nohria tells attendees at a seminal workshop. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 09 Jul 2010
- Working Paper Summaries
The Limits of Nonprofit Impact: A Contingency Framework for Measuring Social Performance
The social sector is in the midst of a search for metrics of impact. Over the past 20 years, there has been an explosion in methodologies and tools for assessing social performance and impact, but with little systematic analysis and comparison across these approaches. In this paper, HBS professors Alnoor Ebrahim and V. Kasturi Rangan provide a synthesis of the current debates and, in so doing, offer a typology and contingency framework for measuring social performance. Their contingency approach suggests that—given the varied work, aims, and capacities of social sector organizations—some organizations should be measuring long-term impacts, while others should stick to measuring shorter-term results. The researchers provide a logic for determining which kinds of measures are appropriate, as driven by the goals of the organization and its operating model. Key concepts include: With the contingency framework, organizational leaders and managers can clarify what types of results they seek to achieve, and thus for what they should be held to account. Doing so requires them to articulate a causal logic, or theory of change, that they expect will lead to long-term goals. This framework suggests that social sector organizations can increase their control over long-term societal impacts in at least two ways: by expanding their operations in order to reach a threshold population or critical mass (scale), and by offering more comprehensive services or partnering with others in order to tackle a problem (scope). It is not feasible, or even desirable, for all organizations to develop metrics at all levels on the logic chain. This contingency framework offers some general cautions about performance measurement. First, it suggests that measuring impacts makes sense under a limited set of circumstances—when an organization operates at an ecosystem level, and yet can exercise sufficient control over results to attribute impacts to its work. Second, many organizations face a double challenge of measuring performance in a variety of areas separately, while also integrating across them in order to gauge possible synergistic effects at the ecosystem level. Third, funders such as foundations, governmental departments, and international aid agencies are far better positioned than most nonprofits to measure impacts. Finally, given the diversity of actors engaged in social change, the four broad types of results in the framework should be taken as suggestive rather than as silver bullets. The very basis of the framework—contingency—suggests that there are no panaceas to results measurement in complex social contexts. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 14 Jun 2010
- Research & Ideas
The Hard Work of Measuring Social Impact
Donors are placing nonprofits on the hot seat to measure social performance. Problem is, there is little agreement on what those metrics should be. Professor Alnoor Ebrahim on how nonprofit managers should respond. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 28 Apr 2010
- Research & Ideas
Earth Day Reflections
On the 40th anniversary of Earth Day, April 22, Harvard Business School professors Robert G. Eccles, Rebecca Henderson, and Richard H.K. Vietor shared their views on the sustainability-related challenges and opportunities facing today's business leaders. Key concepts include: Given the importance of sustainability, companies have an ethical obligation to practice integrated reporting, and investors have a similar obligation to demand it. Corporations face four barriers in making more efficient use of natural resources or deciding to invest in sustainable technologies. At some point, more and more people and nations will have to conclude that improving the environment and protecting against climate change will require some sacrifices from all of us. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 12 Apr 2010
- Research & Ideas
One Report: Better Strategy through Integrated Reporting
Stakeholders expect it. And smart companies are doing it: integrating their reporting of financial and nonfinancial performance in order to improve sustainable strategy. HBS senior lecturer Robert G. Eccles and coauthor Michael P. Krzus explain the benefits and value of the One Report method. Plus: book excerpt from One Report: Integrated Reporting for a Sustainable Strategy. Key concepts include: Integrating reporting in One Report means to describe, simply and clearly, management's view of the relationships between financial and nonfinancial metrics. Companies like Philips, Novo Nordisk, Natura, and United Technologies are leaders in conducting and communicating integrated reporting. The four key benefits of integrated reporting are: greater clarity about the relationship between financial and nonfinancial key performance indicators; better management decisions; deeper engagement with the broad stakeholder community; and lower reputational risk. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 11 Mar 2010
- Working Paper Summaries
The Many Faces of Nonprofit Accountability
Nonprofit leaders face multiple, and sometimes competing, accountability demands: from numerous actors (upward, downward, internal), for varying purposes (financial, governance, performance, mission), and requiring differing levels of organizational response (compliance and strategic). Yet is it feasible, or even desirable, for nonprofit organizations to be accountable to everyone for everything? The challenge for leadership and management is to prioritize among competing accountability demands. This involves deciding both to whom and for what they owe accountability. HBS professor Alnoor Ebrahim provides an overview of the current debates on nonprofit accountability, while also examining the tradeoffs inherent in a range of accountability mechanisms. Key concepts include: Accountability is not simply about compliance with laws or industry standards, but is more deeply connected to organizational purpose and public trust. Nonprofits will continue to face multiple and competing accountability demands, so they must be deliberate in prioritizing among these demands. A critical challenge is to find a balance between upward accountability to their patrons and remaining true to their missions. Few nonprofits have paid serious attention to how they might be more accountable to the communities they seek to serve. Juggling the many expectations of accountability—for finances, governance, performance, and mission—requires integration and alignment throughout the organization. Numerous mechanisms of accountability are available to nonprofits, such as greater transparency and disclosure, performance assessment, industry self-regulation, and adaptive learning. But leaders must adapt any such mechanisms to suit their organization. The greatest payoffs rest with strategy-driven forms of accountability that can help nonprofits to achieve their missions. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 10 Feb 2010
- Working Paper Summaries
Investing in Improvement: Strategy and Resource Allocation in Public School Districts
The operating environments of public school districts are largely void of the market forces that reward a company's success with more capital and exert pressure on it to eventually abandon unproductive activities. Stacey Childress describes the strategic resource decisions in 3 of the 20 public school districts that she and colleagues have studied through the Public Education Leadership Project at Harvard. The stories in San Francisco, New York City, and Maryland's Montgomery County occurred largely before the districts faced dramatic decreases in revenues, though they show the superintendents facing budget concerns near the end of the narratives. Even so, the situations share common principles that superintendents and their leadership teams can use to make differentiated resource decisions—reducing spending in some areas and increasing it in others with a clear rationale for why these decisions will produce results for students. Key concepts include: Given the rarity of strategic approaches to resource allocation described in the examples, it is clear that district leaders need more guidance and tools to help them make better decisions and manage the consequences, particularly when they are under enormous fiscal pressure. Back your strategy with a resource plan—otherwise it is not a strategy. Don't get trapped by the dogma of decentralization. If leaders alienate influential stakeholders when budgets are flush, it will be even more difficult to preserve key strategic investments during financial crises. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 23 Jul 2009
- Working Paper Summaries
Informed and Interconnected: A Manifesto for Smarter Cities
To make our cities and communities smarter, we must become a little smarter ourselves, seeking information and an agenda to forge connections enabling collaboration, according to HBS professor Rosabeth Moss Kanter and IBM's Stanley S. Litow. Their vision is that someday soon, leaders will combine technological capabilities and social innovation to help produce a smarter world. That world will be seen on the ground in smarter cities composed of smarter communities that support the well-being of all citizens. This paper outlines eight challenges facing cities and the communities they encompass, based on experience in the United States. Kanter and Litow provide examples of practices and programs led by both government and nonprofit organizations, many technology-enabled, that point the way to solutions, and they conclude with a call for leaders to embrace an agenda for change. Key concepts include: The need for a new approach to U.S. communities is an urgent imperative because of the biggest global economic crisis since the Great Depression. Significant barriers to solving urban problems include geographic sprawl, residential mobility, the location of jobs, the lack of overarching strategic impact goals, weakened civic leadership, and social isolation. By examining each barrier in turn (and the ways they reinforce each other), it is possible to see the opportunities for significant transformation if communities could become "smarter," with technology helping spread information and facilitate interconnections. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 08 Jul 2009
- Working Paper Summaries
Truth in Giving: Experimental Evidence on the Welfare Effects of Informed Giving to the Poor
It is often difficult for donors to predict the value of charitable giving because they know little about the persons who receive their help. While there is substantial evidence that individuals use information about recipients to decide how generous a donation to make, we know surprisingly little about how much donors care to help their preferred types. To start closing this gap, HBS professor Felix Oberholzer-Gee and Carnegie Mellon University coauthor Christina Fong study transfers of income to real-world poor people in the context of experimental games. Their findings have implications for governments and nongovernmental organizations that seek to increase the financial and political support for wealth transfer programs. Key concepts include: From a government and NGO perspective, it is important to produce credible signals about deservedness that are hard to ignore. There is clear evidence that a significant group of donors is willing to invest resources to achieve a distribution of income that better matches its preferences. Facing a deserving person without much "moral wiggle room" to justify self-interested decisions leads to increased donations to the poor. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
- 02 Jul 2009
- Research Event
Business Summit: The Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Transforming American Public Education
Amid formidable barriers, a set of passionate social entrepreneurs are disrupting the status quo in education with innovative and effective approaches that are producing measurable results. The challenge now is to build support so these solutions can be applied elsewhere. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.
How ‘Hybrid’ Nonprofits Can Stay on Mission
As nonprofits add more for-profit elements to their business models, they can suffer mission drift. Associate Professor Julie Battilana says hybrid organizations can stay on target if they focus on two factors: the employees they hire and the way they socialize those employees. Key concepts include: In order to avoid mission drift, hybrid organizations need to focus on whom they hire and whether their employees are open to socialization. Because early socialization is so important, hybrid firms may be better off hiring new college graduates with no work background rather than a mix of seasoned bankers and social workers. The longer their tenure in a hybrid organization, the more likely top managers may be to hire junior people. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.