Standards - Working Knowledge - Harvard Business School

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11 Feb 2019
Working Paper Summaries

The IBM PC

by Carliss Y. Baldwin

The IBM PC was the first computer platform to be open by choice and not because of financial constraints. Initially, this openness kept IBM competitive. But IBM’s control over two strategic bottlenecks— standards embedded in the Basic Input Output System, and system integration and manufacturing of the computer itself—turned out to be weak.

18 Jan 2017
Working Paper Summaries

The Ties that Bind: Railroad Gauge Standards, Collusion, and Internal Trade in the 19th Century US

by Daniel P. Gross

The author studies the conversion of 13,000 miles of railroad track to standard gauge in the southern United States in 1886 as a large-scale natural experiment in technology standards adoption that instantly integrated the South into the national transportation network.

04 Feb 2013
Research & Ideas

Are the Big Four Audit Firms Too Big to Fail?

by Martha Lagace

Although the number of audit firms has decreased over the past few decades, concerns that the "Big Four" survivors have become too big to fail may be a stretch. Research by professor Karthik Ramanna and colleagues suggests instead that audit firms are more concerned about taking risks. Closed for comment; 13 Comment(s) posted.

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