Kotter's Point of View: Leading in the 21st Century 4

In 1975, Visionary Leadership is the central driving force, not the only driving force, of firms operating at an astonishing level of performance.  For example, when it has worked well in the past, Visionary Leadership has been supplemented by basic management.

In 2015, Over-management is missing in the new economy because it puts organizations out of business, and terrible performance is missing because it will rarely be tolerated by customers.  Visionary leadership performs less well because great alignment can stifle the massive innovation needed in the new economy. Also, motivated people are not motivated enough to produce the energy needed to move at the speed of the new economy.