Author Abstract
U.S. states increasingly require identification to vote—an ostensive attempt to deter fraud that prompts complaints of selective disenfranchisement. Using a difference-in-differences design on a 1.3-billion-observations panel, we find the laws have no negative effect on registration or turnout overall or for any group defined by race, gender, age, or party affiliation. These results hold through a large number of specifications and cannot be attributed to mobilization against the laws, measured by campaign contributions and self-reported political engagement. ID requirements have no effect on fraud either—actual or perceived. Efforts to improve elections may be better directed at other reforms.
Paper Information
- Full Working Paper Text
- Working Paper Publication Date: February 2019
- HBS Working Paper Number: HBS Working Paper #19-076
- Faculty Unit(s): Business, Government and International Economy