Skip to Main Content
HBS Home
  • About
  • Academic Programs
  • Alumni
  • Faculty & Research
  • Baker Library
  • Giving
  • Harvard Business Review
  • Initiatives
  • News
  • Recruit
  • Map / Directions
Working Knowledge
Business Research for Business Leaders
  • Browse All Articles
  • Popular Articles
  • Cold Call Podcasts
  • About Us
  • Leadership
  • Marketing
  • Finance
  • Management
  • Entrepreneurship
  • All Topics...
  • Topics
    • COVID-19
    • Entrepreneurship
    • Finance
    • Gender
    • Globalization
    • Leadership
    • Management
    • Negotiation
    • Social Enterprise
    • Strategy
  • Sections
    • Book
    • Cold Call Podcast
    • HBS Case
    • In Practice
    • Lessons from the Classroom
    • Op-Ed
    • Research & Ideas
    • Research Event
    • Sharpening Your Skills
    • What Do You Think?
    • Working Paper Summaries
  • Browse All
    • COVID-19 Business Impact Center
      COVID-19 Business Impact Center

      Browse All topics

      • Accounting Audits (3)
      • Accounting (110)
      • Acquisition (17)
      • Activity Based Costing and Management (2)
      • Adaptation (7)
      • Adoption (2)
      • Advertising Campaigns (6)
      • Advertising (75)
      • Agency Theory (3)
      • Agreements and Arrangements (1)
      • Agribusiness (6)
      • Alliances (1)
      • Analysis (18)
      • Annual Reports (2)
      • Annuities (1)
      • Arts (1)
      • Asset Management (3)
      • Asset Pricing (4)
      • Assets (8)
      • Attitudes (16)
      • Auctions (4)
      • Balanced Scorecard (11)
      • Banks and Banking (24)
      • Behavioral Finance (6)
      • Behavior (58)
      • Bids and Bidding (1)
      • Bonds (7)
      • Borrowing and Debt (12)
      • Boundaries (4)
      • Brands and Branding (91)
      • Budgets and Budgeting (2)
      • Buildings and Facilities (4)
      • Business Conglomerates (1)
      • Business Cycles (5)
      • Business Divisions (6)
      • Business Earnings (3)
      • Business Education (24)
      • Business Exit or Shutdown (1)
      • Business Growth and Maturation (7)
      • Business Headquarters (3)
      • Business History (64)
      • Business Model (14)
      • Business Offices (3)
      • Business Plan (2)
      • Business Processes (4)
      • Business Startups (24)
      • Business Strategy (28)
      • Business Units (1)
      • Business Ventures (112)
      • Business and Community Relations (7)
      • Business and Government Relations (38)
      • Business and Shareholder Relations (15)
      • Business and Stakeholder Relations (4)
      • Business or Company Management (15)
      • COVID-19 (100)
      • Capital Markets (12)
      • Capital Structure (1)
      • Capital (53)
      • Cash Flow (1)
      • Cash (1)
      • Central Banking (2)
      • Change Management (53)
      • Change (84)
      • Civil Society or Community (6)
      • Cognition and Thinking (21)
      • Collaborative Innovation and Invention (18)
      • Commercial Banking (3)
      • Commercialization (2)
      • Communication Intention and Meaning (9)
      • Communication Strategy (18)
      • Communication Technology (3)
      • Communication (73)
      • Compensation and Benefits (43)
      • Competency and Skills (47)
      • Competition (91)
      • Competitive Advantage (16)
      • Competitive Strategy (55)
      • Complexity (3)
      • Conflict Management (3)
      • Conflict and Resolution (11)
      • Construction (1)
      • Consumer Behavior (155)
      • Contracts (6)
      • Cooperation (3)
      • Cooperative Ownership (1)
      • Copyright (2)
      • Core Relationships (1)
      • Corporate Accountability (4)
      • Corporate Disclosure (12)
      • Corporate Entrepreneurship (5)
      • Corporate Finance (7)
      • Corporate Governance (25)
      • Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact (82)
      • Corporate Strategy (94)
      • Cost Accounting (3)
      • Cost Management (7)
      • Cost of Capital (1)
      • Cost vs Benefits (4)
      • Cost (12)
      • Country (4)
      • Courts and Trials (3)
      • Creativity (60)
      • Credit Cards (5)
      • Credit Derivatives and Swaps (1)
      • Credit (6)
      • Crime and Corruption (29)
      • Crisis Management (44)
      • Cross-Cultural and Cross-Border Issues (23)
      • Culture (5)
      • Currency Exchange Rate (3)
      • Currency (11)
      • Curriculum and Courses (2)
      • Customer Focus and Relationships (37)
      • Customer Relationship Management (12)
      • Customer Satisfaction (20)
      • Customer Value and Value Chain (10)
      • Customers (94)
      • Customization and Personalization (3)
      • Debt Securities (1)
      • Decision Choices and Conditions (33)
      • Decision Making (203)
      • Decisions (4)
      • Demand and Consumers (204)
      • Demography (7)
      • Design (10)
      • Developing Countries and Economies (27)
      • Development Economics (31)
      • Diasporas (3)
      • Disruption (18)
      • Disruptive Innovation (23)
      • Distribution Channels (18)
      • Distribution (38)
      • Diversification (1)
      • Diversity (164)
      • Duopoly and Oligopoly (2)
      • Early Childhood Education (1)
      • Earnings Management (2)
      • Economic Growth (19)
      • Economic Sectors (8)
      • Economic Slowdown and Stagnation (12)
      • Economic Systems (13)
      • Economics (365)
      • Economy (11)
      • Education (97)
      • Emerging Markets (14)
      • Emotions (18)
      • Employee Ownership (1)
      • Employee Relationship Management (31)
      • Employees (38)
      • Employment (8)
      • Energy Conservation (4)
      • Energy Sources (5)
      • Energy (82)
      • Engineering (4)
      • Entertainment (13)
      • Entrepreneurship (247)
      • Environmental Accounting (6)
      • Environmental Sustainability (149)
      • Equality and Inequality (15)
      • Equity (20)
      • Ethics (126)
      • Ethnicity (2)
      • Executive Compensation (10)
      • Executive Education (10)
      • Expansion (1)
      • Experience and Expertise (5)
      • Factories, Labs, and Plants (2)
      • Failure (15)
      • Fairness (6)
      • Family Business (21)
      • Family Ownership (5)
      • Family and Family Relationships (4)
      • Film Entertainment (1)
      • Finance (538)
      • Financial Condition (13)
      • Financial Crisis (17)
      • Financial Institutions (32)
      • Financial Instruments (28)
      • Financial Liquidity (4)
      • Financial Management (3)
      • Financial Markets (21)
      • Financial Reporting (6)
      • Financial Statements (1)
      • Financial Strategy (9)
      • Financing and Loans (18)
      • Food (11)
      • Forecasting and Prediction (23)
      • Foreign Direct Investment (5)
      • Forms of Communication (3)
      • Framework (7)
      • Game Theory (3)
      • Games, Gaming, and Gambling (4)
      • Gender (102)
      • Genetics (1)
      • Geographic Location (9)
      • Geographic Scope (10)
      • Geography (24)
      • Geopolitical Units (5)
      • Giving and Philanthropy (17)
      • Global Range (8)
      • Global Strategy (9)
      • Globalization (267)
      • Globalized Economies and Regions (15)
      • Globalized Firms and Management (14)
      • Globalized Markets and Industries (7)
      • Goals and Objectives (16)
      • Going Public (36)
      • Goods and Commodities (6)
      • Governance Compliance (4)
      • Governance Controls (63)
      • Governance (225)
      • Governing Rules, Regulations, and Reforms (59)
      • Governing and Advisory Boards (14)
      • Government Administration (15)
      • Government Legislation (16)
      • Government and Politics (423)
      • Groups and Teams (30)
      • Growth Management (8)
      • Growth and Development Strategy (31)
      • Growth and Development (7)
      • Happiness (10)
      • Health Care and Treatment (78)
      • Health Disorders (1)
      • Health Pandemics (26)
      • Health Testing and Trials (8)
      • Health (180)
      • Higher Education (6)
      • History (199)
      • Horizontal Integration (1)
      • Housing (2)
      • Human Capital (21)
      • Human Needs (12)
      • Human Resources (200)
      • Identity (5)
      • Immigration (30)
      • Income (4)
      • Independent Innovation and Invention (5)
      • Industry Clusters (8)
      • Industry Growth (3)
      • Inflation and Deflation (3)
      • Information Management (35)
      • Information Technology (56)
      • Information (41)
      • Infrastructure (54)
      • Initial Public Offering (3)
      • Innovation Leadership (16)
      • Innovation Strategy (43)
      • Innovation and Invention (377)
      • Innovation and Management (94)
      • Insolvency and Bankruptcy (7)
      • Institutional Investing (10)
      • Insurance (5)
      • Integrated Corporate Reporting (7)
      • Integration (8)
      • Intellectual Property (53)
      • Interactive Communication (3)
      • Interdisciplinary Studies (1)
      • Interest Rates (1)
      • Interests (1)
      • International Accounting (1)
      • International Finance (1)
      • International Relations (8)
      • Internet (69)
      • Interpersonal Communication (33)
      • Investment Activism (10)
      • Investment Banking (6)
      • Investment Funds (11)
      • Investment Portfolio (4)
      • Investment Return (12)
      • Investment (65)
      • Job Cuts and Outsourcing (11)
      • Job Design and Levels (3)
      • Job Interviews (3)
      • Job Offer (2)
      • Job Search (3)
      • Jobs and Positions (27)
      • Judgments (8)
      • Knowledge Acquisition (4)
      • Knowledge Dissemination (4)
      • Knowledge Management (39)
      • Knowledge Sharing (10)
      • Knowledge Use and Leverage (10)
      • Knowledge (62)
      • Labor and Management Relations (2)
      • Labor (104)
      • Law Enforcement (1)
      • Lawfulness (1)
      • Laws and Statutes (6)
      • Lawsuits and Litigation (4)
      • Law (52)
      • Leadership Development (42)
      • Leadership Style (40)
      • Leadership (377)
      • Leading Change (51)
      • Learning (9)
      • Legal Liability (10)
      • Leveraged Buyouts (4)
      • Life Cycle (1)
      • Literacy (1)
      • Local Range (1)
      • Logistics (15)
      • Loss (1)
      • Luxury (11)
      • Macroeconomics (8)
      • Management Analysis, Tools, and Techniques (45)
      • Management Practices and Processes (28)
      • Management Skills (16)
      • Management Style (12)
      • Management Succession (2)
      • Management Systems (3)
      • Management Teams (47)
      • Management (284)
      • Managerial Roles (5)
      • Market Design (7)
      • Market Entry and Exit (4)
      • Market Participation (1)
      • Market Platforms (21)
      • Market Timing (1)
      • Market Transactions (3)
      • Marketing Channels (1)
      • Marketing Communications (12)
      • Marketing Strategy (167)
      • Marketing (292)
      • Marketplace Matching (5)
      • Markets (278)
      • Mathematical Methods (10)
      • Measurement and Metrics (14)
      • Media (8)
      • Medical Specialties (5)
      • Mergers and Acquisitions (11)
      • Microeconomics (1)
      • Microfinance (2)
      • Middle School Education (1)
      • Misleading and Fraudulent Advertising (1)
      • Mission and Purpose (11)
      • Mobile Technology (8)
      • Money (3)
      • Monopoly (6)
      • Moral Sensibility (20)
      • Motivation and Incentives (140)
      • Multi-Sided Platforms (5)
      • Multinational Firms and Management (10)
      • Music Entertainment (1)
      • National Security (7)
      • Nationality (2)
      • Natural Disasters (1)
      • Natural Environment (173)
      • Negotiation Deal (1)
      • Negotiation Participants (1)
      • Negotiation Preparation (3)
      • Negotiation Process (3)
      • Negotiation Style (3)
      • Negotiation Tactics (14)
      • Negotiation (78)
      • Network Effects (10)
      • Networks (11)
      • Newspapers (5)
      • Non-Governmental Organizations (10)
      • Nonprofit Organizations (50)
      • Nonverbal Communication (2)
      • Online Advertising (16)
      • Online Technology (23)
      • Open Source Distribution (15)
      • Operations (196)
      • Opportunities (7)
      • Order Taking and Fulfillment (2)
      • Organizational Change and Adaptation (36)
      • Organizational Culture (54)
      • Organizational Design (138)
      • Organizational Structure (14)
      • Organizations (410)
      • Outcome or Result (28)
      • Ownership Type (8)
      • Ownership (49)
      • Partners and Partnerships (5)
      • Patents (19)
      • Perception (21)
      • Performance Capacity (2)
      • Performance Consistency (2)
      • Performance Effectiveness (62)
      • Performance Efficiency (5)
      • Performance Evaluation (17)
      • Performance Expectations (5)
      • Performance Improvement (16)
      • Performance Productivity (34)
      • Performance (178)
      • Personal Characteristics (72)
      • Personal Development and Career (130)
      • Personal Finance (43)
      • Perspective (4)
      • Planning (17)
      • Policy (31)
      • Political Elections (22)
      • Pollution and Pollutants (2)
      • Poverty (2)
      • Power and Influence (67)
      • Practice (1)
      • Prejudice and Bias (41)
      • Price Bubble (4)
      • Price (33)
      • Private Equity (13)
      • Private Ownership (1)
      • Private Sector (1)
      • Problems and Challenges (115)
      • Product Design (11)
      • Product Development (10)
      • Product Launch (1)
      • Product Marketing (22)
      • Product Positioning (3)
      • Production (6)
      • Product (20)
      • Profit (8)
      • Programs (1)
      • Project Finance (3)
      • Projects (2)
      • Property (1)
      • Public Equity (1)
      • Public Opinion (7)
      • Public Sector (5)
      • Quality (9)
      • Race (50)
      • Rank and Position (2)
      • Recruitment (16)
      • Refugees (2)
      • Relationships (121)
      • Religion (4)
      • Renewable Energy (3)
      • Reputation (11)
      • Research and Development (54)
      • Research (95)
      • Resignation and Termination (8)
      • Resource Allocation (9)
      • Restructuring (2)
      • Retention (9)
      • Retirement (5)
      • Risk Management (29)
      • Risk and Uncertainty (30)
      • SWOT Analysis (5)
      • Safety (9)
      • Salesforce Management (17)
      • Sales (29)
      • Satisfaction (8)
      • Saving (5)
      • Science-Based Business (6)
      • Science (195)
      • Search Technology (5)
      • Segmentation (1)
      • Selection and Staffing (7)
      • Service Delivery (12)
      • Service Operations (12)
      • Situation or Environment (9)
      • Small Business (17)
      • Social Enterprise (125)
      • Social Entrepreneurship (14)
      • Social Issues (49)
      • Social Marketing (22)
      • Social Psychology (483)
      • Social and Collaborative Networks (29)
      • Society (226)
      • Software (15)
      • Sovereign Finance (6)
      • Spending (4)
      • Spoken Communication (1)
      • Sports (9)
      • Standards (3)
      • State Ownership (1)
      • Status and Position (9)
      • Stock Options (1)
      • Stocks (8)
      • Strategic Planning (14)
      • Strategy (399)
      • Success (11)
      • Supply Chain Management (16)
      • Supply Chain (52)
      • Supply and Industry (19)
      • System Shocks (4)
      • System (27)
      • Talent and Talent Management (27)
      • Taxation (17)
      • Teaching (1)
      • Technological Innovation (58)
      • Technology Adoption (70)
      • Technology Networks (4)
      • Technology Platform (5)
      • Technology (276)
      • Television Entertainment (3)
      • Theory (159)
      • Time Management (6)
      • Trade (17)
      • Training (12)
      • Transformation (7)
      • Transition (3)
      • Transportation Networks (1)
      • Transportation (3)
      • Trends (4)
      • Trust (18)
      • Urban Development (11)
      • Urban Scope (1)
      • Valuation (1)
      • Value Creation (8)
      • Values and Beliefs (38)
      • Value (14)
      • Venture Capital (38)
      • Vertical Integration (3)
      • Volatility (1)
      • Voting (7)
      • Wages (38)
      • War (4)
      • Wastes and Waste Processing (1)
      • Wealth and Poverty (9)
      • Wealth (3)
      • Weather and Climate Change (16)
      • Web Sites (7)
      • Web (11)
      • Weight (1)
      • Welfare or Wellbeing (2)
      • Wireless Technology (1)
      • Work-Life Balance (35)
      • Working Conditions (26)
      Contact

      HBS Working Knowledge
      Baker Library | Bloomberg Center
      Harvard Business School
      Soldiers Field Road
      Boston, MA 02163


      Customer Service
      Editor
      Newsletter Sign-Up
      Reprint Permissions

      ǁ
      Campus Map
      Harvard Business School Working Knowledge
      Baker Library | Bloomberg Center
      Soldiers Field
      Boston, MA 02163
      Email: Editor-in-Chief
      →Map & Directions
      →More Contact Information
      • Make a Gift
      • Site Map
      • Jobs
      • Harvard University
      • Trademarks
      • Policies
      • Digital Accessibility
      Copyright © President & Fellows of Harvard College